Thyroid Nutrients 120 capsules

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Amount Per Serving

% Daily Value

Vitamin A (as retinyl palmitate)

450 mcg

50%

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

5 mcg (200 IU)

25%

Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopheryl succinate)

33.5 mg

223%

Iodine (from organic Icelandic kelp)(Laminaria digitata)(stem and leaf)

75 mcg

50%

Zinc (as zinc citrate dihydrate)

5 mg

45%

Selenium (as L-selenomethionine)

100 mcg

82%

Guggul Extract (Commiphora mukul)(oleo-gum-resin)

500 mg

**

Rosemary Extract (Rosemarinus officinalis)(leaf)(5% rosemarinic acid)

50 mg

**

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)(root)

50 mg

**

** Daily Value not established.

Capsule (hypromellose and water), stearic acid, silica, magnesium stearate, calcium silicate, and medium-chain triglyceride oil.

Take two capsules daily, or as directed by your healthcare professional.

Consult your healthcare professional prior to use. Individuals taking medication should discuss potential interactions with their healthcare professional. Do not use if tamper seal is damaged.

Caution: Do not take if you are pregnant or lactating. Excess vitamin A intake may be toxic and may increase the risk of birth defects. Pregnant women and women who might become pregnant should not exceed 1,500 mcg RAE of preformed vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) per day.

Iodine:  The thyroid gland produces two main iodine-containing hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones circulate in the bloodstream and work on every living tissue and cell to regulate metabolism and growth. Of the body’s iodine pool (about 15 mgs in adults), 80% is contained in the thyroid gland. Iodine is primarily used as a substrate for the manufacture of T4 and T3, and healthy iodine status is imperative for normal thyroid function and thyroid hormone biosynthesis.[1,2] Because excessive iodine intake, like inadequate iodine intake, can negatively impact thyroid function, total supplementary and dietary iodine should be considered.[2] Thyroid Nutrients provides 75 mcg of iodine from Atlantic kelp in each serving.*

Selenium:  While the role of iodine has long been known, the mechanisms by which selenium exerts its beneficial effects on the thyroid gland have been elucidated more recently. According to Arthur et al, “Selenium is an essential component of many selenoproteins that regulate thyroid hormone synthesis, preserve thyroid integrity in conditions of marked oxidative stress, and control hormone metabolism in nonthyroidal tissues where the prohormone T4 is converted to biologically active T3 or its inactive isomer rT3.”[2] The interactive and complementary relationship between iodine and selenium has become an area of interest and research. For instance, in an animal study, it was observed that a high iodine intake in the presence of selenium deficiency may permit thyroid tissue damage as a result of low thyroidal glutathione peroxidase activity. It was further noted that even a low selenium intake helped normalize circulating T4 concentration in the presence of iodine deficiency.[3] Evaluation of emerging data supports “selenostasis” as an important aspect of thyroid health.* [4]

Zinc and Vitamins A and D: Research suggests that inadequate intakes of zinc and vitamins A and D may impact thyroid hormone metabolism, circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, the thyroid’s response to iodine prophylaxis, and antithyroid antibody levels.[2,5-7] Researchers further propose that vitamins A and D could increase the transcriptional activity of the thyroid hormone receptor-regulated genes.[8] Expression of these genes affects growth, differentiation, development, and metabolic homeostasis. More studies into the roles of zinc and vitamins A and D will help to gain a better understanding of how these nutrients interact with thyroid hormones, iodine, selenium, and each other to influence thyroid health.*

Retinyl palmitate is used in this formula rather than beta-carotene because certain individuals may lack the ability to effectively convert betacarotene or other carotenoids into vitamin A.[9] It is also important to note that vitamin D facilitates intestinal calcium absorption and therefore helps maintain the ratio of calcium to phosphorous, which can be affected by low thyroid function and certain thyroid therapies.*[10,11]

Vitamin E and Rosemary: “Oxidative stress” denotes an imbalance between the production of oxidants and their elimination by antioxidative systems. Studies support the concept of reducing oxidative stress in order to protect thyroid cell health and maintain normal thyroid cell growth and lifecycle.[12] Furthermore, because active oxygen radicals can inhibit the activity of an enzyme involved in the conversion of T4 to T3, reducing oxidative stress may have a two-fold application in thyroid health.[13] Antioxidative components in Thyroid Nutrients, such as vitamin E and rosemary, may help protect thyroid cells/tissue and also support the enzymatic conversion of T4 to T3 by scavenging damaging free radicals.*[13,14]

Guggulsterones and Ashwagandha: Researchers have demonstrated the positive influence guggul extract can have on thyroid function and blood lipid metabolism. In one study, the gum resin of Commiphora mukul (guggulu) reversed induced decreases in thyroid hormone and 5’-deiodinase activity in an animal model of low thyroid function.[15] Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an Ayurvedic herbal tonic or adaptogen that has been used for thousands of years. Animal research suggests that ashwagandha is capable of stimulating thyroid function in mice.[16]

1. Mansourian AR. A review on the metabolic disorders of iodine deficiency. Pak J Biol Sci. 2011 Apr 1;14(7):412-24. [PMID: 21902053]

2. Arthur JR, Beckett GJ. Thyroid function. Br Med Bull. 1999;55(3):658-68. [PMID: 10746354]

3. Hotz CS, Fitzpatrick DW, Trick KD, et al. Dietary iodine and selenium interact to affect thyroid hormone metabolism of rats. J Nutr. 1997 Jun;127(6):1214-48. [PMID: 9187638]

4. Duntas LH. Selenium and the thyroid: a close-knit connection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Dec;95(12):5180-88. [PMID: 20810577]

5. Zimmermann MB. Interactions of vitamin A and iodine deficiencies: effects on the pituitary-thyroid axis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2007 May;77(3):236-40. [PMID: 18214025]

6. Ertek S, Cicero AF, Caglar O, et al. Relationship between serum zinc levels, thyroid hormones and thyroid volume following successful iodine supplementation. Hormones (Athens). 2010;9(3):263-68. [PMID: 20688624]

7. Kivity S, Agmon-Levin N, Zisappl M, et al. Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 2011;8(3):243-47. [PMID: 21278761]

8. Song Y, Yao X, Ying H. Thyroid hormone action in metabolic regulation. Protein Cell. 2011;2(5):358-68. [PMID: 21614672]

9. Aktuna D, Buchinger W, Langsteger W, et al. Beta-carotene, vitamin A and carrier proteins in thyroid diseases. Acta Med Austriaca. 1993;20(1-2):17-20. [PMID: 8475673]

10. Al-Tonsi AA, Abdel-Gayoum AA, Saad M. The secondary dyslipidemia and deranged serum phosphate concentration in thyroid disorders. Exp Mol Pathol. 2004 Apr;76(2):182-87. [PMID: 15010297]

11. Garton M, Reid I, Loveridge N, et al. Bone mineral density and metabolism in premenopausal women taking L-thyroxine replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994 Dec; 41(6):747-55. [PMID: 7889610]

12. Xing M. Oxidative stress: a new risk factor for thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2012 Jan 9;19(1):C7-11. [PMID: 22143496]

13. Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E, Pietras B. The protective role of some antioxidants and scavengers on the free radicals-induced inhibition of the liver iodothyronine 5’-monodeiodinase activity and thiols content. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997 Sep;48(3):451-59. [PMID: 9376628]

14. Mano T, Iwase K, Hayashi R, et al. Vitamin E and coenzyme Q concentrations in the thyroid tissues of patients with various thyroid disorders. Am J Med Sci. 1998 Apr;315(4):230-32. [PMID: 9537635]

15. Panda S, Kar A. Guggulu (Commiphora mukul) potentially ameliorates hypothyroidism in female mice. Phytother Res. 2005 Jan;19(1):78-80. [PMID: 15798994]

16. Panda S, Kar A. Withania somnifera and Bauhinia purpurea in the regulation of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in female mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;67(2):233-39. [PMID: 10619390]